Serving the Community College of Vermont & Vermont State University
Serving the Community College of Vermont & Vermont State University
Chicago Style is most commonly used to cite sources within the history and social sciences disciplines. There are two varieties of Chicago-style citations: notes and bibliography (NB) and author-date (AD). The following examples use Chicago 17th edition.
In AD style, a parenthetical citation is included within the body of the text where a source is used. In-text citations include the author of the source (often in a signal phrase) and the publication year. Direct quotes also include the page number.
Galvin (2014) argues that "the standard measures of evaluation used in presidency scholarship may be in need of modification and refinement" (117).
OR
Existing methods used by scholars to evaluate US presidents need "modification and refinement" (Galvin 2014, 117).
OR
Scholars studying the presidency need to update their evaluation measures to better understand the full scope of a president's influence (Galvin 2014).
Parenthetical citations will lead readers to the reference list at the end of the paper, which contains complete information about the source. Every AD paper must include a list of references listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name. Reference list citations are formatted in the same way as NB-style bibliography entries (examples below) except that the date appears immediately after the author's name, for example:
Daniel Galvin. 2014. “Presidents as Agents of Change.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 44, no. 1: 95-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12089.
In NB style, a superscript number corresponding to a footnote (at the bottom of the page) or endnote (at the end of the essay or chapter) is added in the body of the paper when a source is used. When the same source is cited more than once, subsequent notes are shortened. Bibliographies are not always required because the notes include most of the same information as a bibliography entry. When a bibliography is included, entries are listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name. The examples below include formatting for notes, shortened notes, and bibliography entries.
Electronic Articles
Note:
1. Daniel Galvin, “Presidents as Agents of Change,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 44, no. 1 (2014): 98, https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12089.
Shortened note:
2. Galvin, "Presidents," 98.
Bibliographic entry:
Galvin, Daniel J. “Presidents as Agents of Change.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 44, no. 1 (2014): 95-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/psq.12089.
If there is no DOI (digital object identifier), add the database name or the stable or persistent URL to the article instead. Page numbers given in the note should be specific to the cited material. The bibliography entry should have the first and last pages of the article.
Print Articles
Note:
1. Huang Hsinya, Philip J. Deloria, Laura M. Furlan, and John Gamber, “Charting Transnational Native American Studies,” Journal of Transnational American Studies 4, no. 1 (2012): 15.
Shortened note:
2. Hsinva, Deloria, Furlan, and Gamber, "Charting Transnational," 15.
Bibliographic entry:
Hsinya, Huang, Philip J. Deloria, Laura M. Furlan, and John Gamber. “Charting Transnational Native American Studies.” Journal of Transnational American Studies 4, no. 1 (2012): 1: 1-15.
Print Books
Note:
Lydia Murdoch, Daily Life of Victorian Women (New York: Greenwood, 2014), 53.
Shortened note:
Murdoch, Daily Life, 53.
Bibliographic entry:
Murdoch, Lydia. Daily Life of Victorian Women. New York: Greenwood, 2014.
eBooks
Note:
1. Shaul Bassi and Annalisa Oboe, Experiences of Freedom in Postcolonial Literatures and Cultures (New York: Routledge, 2011), eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), chap 4.
Shortened note:
2. Baussi and Oboe, Experiences of Freedom, chap. 4.
Bibliographic entry (B):
Bassi, Shaul, and Annalisa Oboe. Experiences of Freedom in Postcolonial Literatures and Cultures. New York: Routledge, 2011. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
Note:
1. "Kenya’s New Constitution Benefits Indigenous Peoples,” Cultural Survival News, Cultural Survival, last modified August 12, 2014, http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/kenya/kenyas-new-constitution-benefits-indigenous-peoples.
Shortened note:
2. Cultural Survival, "Kenya's New Constitution."
Bibliographic entry:
Cultural Survival. “Kenya’s New Constitution Benefits Indigenous Peoples.” Cultural Survival News. Last modified August 12, 2014. http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/kenya/kenyas-new-constitution-benefits-indigenous-peoples.
Note: The modified or revised date of the website is preferred. If this does not exist, include the date you accessed the website, instead.
Streaming Film
Note:
1. After Stonewall, directed by John Scagliotti, Janet Baus, and Dan Hunt, 1999, First Run Features, https://www.kanopy.com/en/castleton/video/123130.
Shortened note:
2. Scagliotti, Baus, and Hunt, After Stonewall
Bibliographic entry:
Scagliotti, John, Janet Baus, and Dan Hunt, dirs. After Stonewall. First Run Features, 1999. https://www.kanopy.com/en/castleton/video/123130.
Podcast
Note:
1. Terry Gross, "The Chaos at Twitter," December 8, 2022, in Fresh Air, produced by WHYY, podcast, MP3 audio, 45:05, https://www.npr.org/2022/12/06/1140999993/the-chaos-at-twitter.
Shortened note:
2. Gross, "The Chaos at Twitter."
Bibliographic entry:
Gross, Terry. "The Chaos at Twitter." Produced by WHYY. Fresh Air. December 8, 2022. Podcast, MP3 audio, 45:05. https://www.npr.org/2022/12/06/1140999993/the-chaos-at-twitter.
Note:
James Estrin, “A Worshiper at St. Patrick’s Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan,” New York Times, colored photograph, November 27, 2014.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/nyregion/for-catholics-the-word-was-a-bit-different-amen.html?ref=us.
Shortened note:
2. Estrin, "Worshiper at St. Patrick's."
Bibliographic entry:
Estrin, James. “A Worshiper at St. Patrick’s Cathedral on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.” New York Times. Colored photograph. November 27, 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/28/nyregion/for-catholics-the-word-was-a-bit-different-amen.html?ref=us
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